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Tuition fees in the United Kingdom
Tuition fees were first introduced across the entire United Kingdom in September 1998 under the Labour Government as a means of funding tuition to undergraduate and postgraduate certificate students at universities, with students being required to pay up to £1,000 a year for tuition. However, as a result of the establishment of devolved national administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, different arrangements now exist with regard to the charging of tuition fees in each of the countries of the United Kingdom.
In England, developments in the funding of higher education were announced in January 2004 when, in its second term, the Labour government increased the level of tuition fees that universities were allowed to charge, to £3,000 a year.〔 The policy change created much opposition from the student community and even from within the Labour Party because, during the election campaign for the 2001 General Election, the Labour manifesto stated that Labour "will not introduce top-up fees and has legislated against them."〔 By 2010/11, maximum fees had increased to £3,290. In 2009, further calls for more funding to be made available to universities〔 resulted in the commissioning of a report from the former chairman of BP John Browne to look into the future of higher education funding.〔 The Browne Review was published on 12 October 2010 and contained proposals to remove the cap on tuition fees.〔 The resulting debate on the proposals sparked protests from students opposed to any rise in tuition fees. Despite these protests the Conservative/Lib Dem coalition government won a vote in the House of Commons which would result in universities eventually being able to charge students up to £9,000 a year for the annual tuition costs of students.〔 64 universities announced their intention to charge the full £9,000 allowed by the government from 2012, with the remaining 59 all charging at least £6,000.
Following devolution, tuition fees were abolished in Scotland.〔 Abolition was accompanied by the introduction of the Scottish graduate endowment in 2001. As the Education (Graduate Endowment and Student Support) (Scotland) Act 2001 makes clear, all money raised by the Graduate Endowment was used for student support. Graduates paid a maximum of £2,289, with the money raised being given to poorer students in the form of bursaries (no money was used to pay tuition fees). The graduate endowment was itself abolished in 2008. The Welsh Assembly, because of its limited powers in comparison with their Scottish counterparts, remained with the caps imposed on the level of tuition as established by the United Kingdom government. However, whereas the United Kingdom government chose to replace means-tested maintenance grants for living expenses whilst at university with a student loan scheme, the Welsh Assembly re-introduced these for Welsh students either studying in Wales or anywhere else in the United Kingdom.〔〔
==Introduction of tuition fees==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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